Human foot Inhabited By 80 Different Types of Fungi

The human body is not only inhabited by humans alone, but there are millions of other organisms that come to live in it.
For example, many types of bacteria that live in the stomach and some types of fungi.
The study found that under the heel of man there are 80 species of fungi.

The results of genetic analysis found that the fungi of the genus Malassezia is a fungus species that dominates the center of the human body and sleeves.
Heels, nails and between the toes inhabited by various types of fungi are highly variable.
Population imbalance can cause athlete's foot and other fungal diseases.

In the study, the scientists took skin samples from 10 healthy adults from 14 different body parts.
DNA samples were obtained and analyzed in it.
The result, the researchers isolated more than 130 variants of the genus Malassezia fungus, Penicillium and Aspergillus.

The genus Malassezia can cause dandruff, as well as the most commonly found.
This type of fungus often found on the inside of the elbow, the palm of the hand, the eyebrows, the back of the head, nose and forearm.
The chest and abdomen had the least fungal species, about 2 -10 different variants.

Compared to any part of the body, the feet have the most diversity of the fungal species.
The most fertile part of the foot is a fungus covered heel, nails and between fingers.
Highest population is fungus Malassezia, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula and Epicoccum.

Overall, the heel has the most diverse fungal variant, which is about 80 genera of fungi.
As quoted by Fox News, Thursday (05/23/2013), researchers confirmed that the abnormal fungal diversity or population imbalance will cause fungal nail infections.

In a report published the journal Nature, researchers confirmed that the skin serves as a barrier to pathogenic microorganisms can enter the body, but is also home to many dangerous microbes.
Until now, most efforts to study the microorganisms of skin just focus on bacteria, but fungi have not received equal portions.

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Bird Flu's Mutated can Transmitted Between Humans

Puzzle presence of avian influenza virus (H5N1) is contagious between humans revealed.
A scientist reveals the first time about how to create a hybrid of bird flu virus.
The virus is easily spread through coughing and sneezing.
The work of these scientists are considered too dangerous to be published.

In a presentation that was broadcast live to the public, scientist Yoshihiro Kawaoka explains in detail how his team created a variant of the deadly bird flu virus.
Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States, describes experiments that demonstrate the four genetic mutations.
The mutation allows the virus to spread between adjacent-ferret in the cage.

"Weasel-weasel is the best model of how the bird flu virus infection can spread among humans," Kawaoka said as quoted by the Guardian.

December last year, the United States Advisory Council biosecurity or U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) asked the research Kawaoka removed from the British science journal, Nature.
They worry that countries or rogue elements will use the information to create biological weapons.

NSABB voiced similar concerns on the work of Ron Fouchier of Erasmus Medical Centre in Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Fouchier study, which describes the presence of a mutant strain of bird flu virus that can be spread through the air inter-weasel, being considered entered in the journal Science, USA.

Controversy over studies that assessed the bird flu virus has triggered a crisis in the radical science.
Many researchers argue Kawaoka and Fouchier research should be opened fully to the public interest that the information available to other experts in the field.
But some other researchers say the study should not have been done, at least sensitive part of the research should be shared only with the experts agreed.

Bird flu is considered very threatening humans because more than half the 600 people affected by the virus have died from the infection.
Many scientists fear the bird flu virus transmission between humans trigger a pandemic if it develops into a form that spreads quickly.

Kawaoka and Fouchier research is designed to answer the question whether the bird flu virus could undergo a genetic mutation in the wild.
The mutation does allow rapid adaptation to human and spreads like seasonal flu.

Speaking in a Royal Society conference on bird flu, Kawaoka and Fouchier claimed their research highlights the bird flu virus easily mutates into a form transmissible between humans potential.
But their findings suggest a mutant strain of bird flu virus does not spread as fast as seasonal flu and not deadly to animals exposed to infection of animals in adjacent cages.
"The world does not need to be too concerned because the virus can still be controlled with antivirals, such as Tamiflu and bird flu vaccines," says Kawaoka.

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4 Types of Vaccines for Adults

As with immunization in children, immunization in adults also aims to prevent disease transmission.
But many people do not realize the importance of vaccination.

Although not a mandatory program like vaccines in children, adults also need to actually immunized.
With vaccination, the body will be protected up to 80 percent.
"Although they may be suffering from the disease, but the disease progression is not as bad as people who have not been vaccinated," said Dr.Iris Rengganis, Adult Immunization Task Force members Sp.PD Medicine Specialist Association of Indonesia.

In general there are four types of vaccines that should be adults (aged over 18 years).

1. Hepatitis A Vaccine 

Hepatitis A is caused by a virus that attacks the liver and spread through oral contact and clean environment.
Hepatitis A vaccine helps the body produce antibodies to survive the onslaught of the disease.

Injections made 2 times the distance of 6 months in the body endurance vaccine about 20 years.
"For those who work in the food industry are advised to use special gloves, so as not to transmit or spread of hepatitis A in the consumer," said Iris.

2. Hepatitis B Vaccine

This disease is similar to hepatitis A.
However, the disease is transmitted through blood transfusions, sexual relations, and the use of personal items together.
This disease can also be transmitted from pregnant women to the fetus.
In fetuses born to mothers with hepatitis B, the vaccine will be injected in the body so that antibodies can be quickly formed.
The vaccine is given three times the distance of 1 and 6 months.

"Although it has been injected as a child it never hurts to repeat, because the vaccine resistance around 20 years," said Iris.

3. Pneumonia Vaccine

Pneumonia or pneumococcal disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria that fester in the nose and throat.
This disease attacks the lower respiratory tract and spread through coughing, sneezing, and when talking.
More susceptible to pneumonia attack in people aged over 60 years or those with a low immune system.

There are several types of vaccines with different bacterial serotypes.
According to Iris both equally well.
Vaccine should be repeated every 5 years.

4. Influenza Vaccine

To 94 percent of influenza deaths in over 45 years of age.
Dominated the early symptoms of the disease cough, fever, and muscle aches.
"Do not underestimate this disease. Ferocity we've seen how in China," said Iris.

The vaccine is given once a year.
Because it is always different disease-causing strains, the vaccine is given every year is different according to the WHO guidance on the most infecting strains.

Several other types of vaccines that can also be taken is the HPV vaccine to prevent cervical cancer.
The vaccine is recommended for girls who are not married.
Also available is a meningitis vaccine, typhoid, tetanus, and many more.

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